Digital Omnibus: What Would it Mean for Competition and Privacy in Advertising?

In November 2025, the European Commission (“Commission”) proposed a “Digital Omnibus” regulation to amend several EU legislations.[1] Although presented as a simplification exercise to strengthen Europe’s competitiveness, the proposal revisits key provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the e-Privacy-Directive concerning the use of personal data, including for advertising purposes. The changes could … Continue reading Digital Omnibus: What Would it Mean for Competition and Privacy in Advertising? →

The French Competition Authority’s Public Consultation regarding Conversational Agents: An Opportunity for All the Stakeholders to Explain the Market to the Regulator

1. After opening on 9 January 2026 an ex officio investigation in the conversational agents sector, the French Autorité de la concurrence (the “Authority”) has launched on 29 January 2026 a public consultation in this regard (the “Consultation”), marking another step in the Authority’s scrutiny of the generative Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) value chain.[1] 2. Stakeholders still have a bit … Continue reading The French Competition Authority’s Public Consultation regarding Conversational Agents: An Opportunity for All the Stakeholders to Explain the Market to the Regulator →

APP STORE CLAIMS: ANOTHER IMPORTANT LINK TO THE CJEU’S CHAIN IN PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT CASES

As private antitrust litigation against tech companies becomes increasingly common, courts are increasingly called upon to determine international and territorial jurisdiction for antitrust infringements that are committed in the EU without any physical location. The EU jurisdictional rule in Article 7(2) of the Brussels I-bis Regulation (Brussels I-bis) for tort cases uses the place where … Continue reading APP STORE CLAIMS: ANOTHER IMPORTANT LINK TO THE CJEU’S CHAIN IN PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT CASES →

The Amazon DSA Designation Appeal: the General Court Rejects Amazon’s Broad Fundamental-Rights Challenge

The last few months have seen a series of Digital Services Act (DSA) judgments by the General Court (GC) of the European Union, the first three of which were examined in an earlier blog post. The latest in this series of judgments, handed down on 19 November 2025, is Amazon EU v Commission (Case T-367/23), … Continue reading The Amazon DSA Designation Appeal: the General Court Rejects Amazon’s Broad Fundamental-Rights Challenge →

The Bits of Freedom ruling: the first step in private DSA enforcement

With the Digital Services Act (DSA) entering into force on 17 February 2024, it was only a matter of time before private parties began to exercise their rights in civil courts. On 2 October 2025, the Amsterdam District Court delivered the first judgment in a private claim brought under the DSA.[1] In this case BoF, … Continue reading The Bits of Freedom ruling: the first step in private DSA enforcement →

The Dawn of DSA Enforcement: Lessons from the Digital Services Coordinators’ First Annual Reports  

Introduction The Digital Services Act: A Paradigm Shift in Platform Regulation The European Union's Regulation (EU) 2022/2065, the Digital Services Act (DSA), represents a landmark shift in the governance of the digital sphere. Fully applicable since 17 February 2024, the DSA establishes a harmonised legal framework intended to create a safer, more predictable, and trusted … Continue reading The Dawn of DSA Enforcement: Lessons from the Digital Services Coordinators’ First Annual Reports   →

The Zalando, Meta and TikTok rulings: key takeaways from the first three DSA judgments of the General court   

By Marc Barennes,[1] Jérémie Jourdan[2] and Maria Gravvani[3] Introduction The Digital Services Act (“DSA”)[4] regulates online intermediaries and platforms such as marketplaces, social networks, content-sharing platforms, app stores, and online travel and accommodation platforms which are offered to users (aka ‘recipients of the service’[5]) located in the European Union.[6] Its main goal is to prevent illegal and harmful activities … Continue reading The Zalando, Meta and TikTok rulings: key takeaways from the first three DSA judgments of the General court    →

Reform of Regulation 1/2003 and access to the file: is the DMA/DSA approach helpful?

The answer to the question posed in the title is simple: “No”. This note explains the reasons why. Access to the file after the adoption of a Statement of Objections (SO) in EU competition law enforcement procedures is a time consuming and painful process for all involved. It is, however, an essential way to ensure … Continue reading Reform of Regulation 1/2003 and access to the file: is the DMA/DSA approach helpful? →

The DOJ’s remedy proposal in Google Ad Tech – Correcting a broken market

On 17 April 2025, Judge Leonie Brinkema of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruled that Google monopolised two digital advertising technology markets and unlawfully tied its publisher ad server (“DFP”) and its ad exchange (“AdX”). This marked a huge success for the U.S. federal government and 17 states who had … Continue reading The DOJ’s remedy proposal in Google Ad Tech – Correcting a broken market →

DMA Enforcement and National Competition Authorities

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) establishes a centralised enforcement model whereby the European Commission “is the sole authority empowered to enforce [the DMA]” (see recital 91). National authorities are the Commission’s enforcement partners. This is explicitly stated in Article 37 of the DMA, which states that the Commission and the Member States shall “work in … Continue reading DMA Enforcement and National Competition Authorities →